Summary

• In spring and summer 2018, Samsung Electronics Germany (SEG) ran a series of Coding Class Trips in collaboration with the Technology Foundation Berlin
• School classes from all over Germany applied for the program by submitting their ideas for workshops, six of which were selected for the pilot project
• The idea is to use these field trips as the students’ first serious interaction with coding in order to spark interest, give programming real-world context and transfer it into the school environment

With the digital revolution in full swing, how should we prepare for a digital future and decide what form should it take? One aspect is education. Preparing the next generation requires helping them understand everyday technologies and learn the skills to use technologies to their advantages. While coding is regarded as a necessity for a basic understanding of the digital world, teachers often lack the time and materials required to do this. That’s why Samsung Electronics and Technology Foundation Berlin created Coding Class Trips.

As part of the workshops on their field trips the kids received a “Samsung Code Week Box” which contained coding equipment

During the six pilot workshops, children were given time to explore coding and to learn programming through real-world problems. For example, during one Class Trip to Usedom on the Baltic Sea, the children investigated the impact of waste on the environment. They built weather-sensitive robots from recycled products which could swim, dive and avoid obstacles.

Students from Berlin WIR Elementary School testing their swimming robot in the Baltic Sea

On another trip to the North Sea island of Wangerooge, the main topic was renewable energy. Children experimented by building their own windmills out of plastic bottles and so were able to combine their first coding experience with a major socio-political issue.

On the North Sea island of Wangerooge, the children built small windmills from plastic bottles

By putting children’s first coding experience into a specific context, Samsung Electronics Germany and Technology Foundation Berlin have created a unique project that will inspire the younger generation to discover the potential of digital technologies in the long-term.

“The Coding Class Trips offer a terrific opportunity for students to get out of the classroom, get motivated to learn coding, and get creative through problem solving and encountering new technologies and skills,” explains Steffen Ganders, Director of Corporate Affairs, Samsung Electronics Germany. “At Samsung, we are committed to the future of digital education. Our project is a paradigm for a new education culture and highlights that learning should not be limited to the classroom.”

For more information on what happened in the Coding Class Trips, please visit the social hub site here.

Video

Youtuber RobBubble joined the Coding Class Trip to Wangerooge

Additional Images

Kids on the Coding Class Trip in Dresden programmed their own sensor Olympic Games

The class from Wedding School Berlin proudly present the robot, which can move, play music, shine light from his eyes and has a sound-controlled abdominal valve that can be used as a storage space

Samsung Electronics has been teaching young people to code in over 1,300 Smart Classrooms across Europe since 2013. Since these citizenship programs began, 400,000 young people from around the region have participated and learned more about coding.

Our company is in a unique position to understand just how quickly technology is advancing, connecting and changing the world we live in. This technology is inspiring an ambitious generation of young people who are growing up in a world without barriers to innovation.

Unfortunately this generation is also at risk of being left behind.

Teachers often do not have the right skills or confidence to keep up with the speed of technology development and too many young people are leaving school without the digital and soft skills that their future jobs demand.

European Code Week

Coding is the framework behind the entire digital world, from mobile apps, computer games and online web platforms to automated systems and robots. That is why coding is one of the most important skills to teach the innovators of tomorrow.

“Coding is a cultural technique of our time. This gives children and young people additional opportunities to become producers of their own digital content and media. Coding strengthens digital competencies as well as problem solving and encourages logical thinking,” said Martin Bauer, Head of IT Didactics and Digital Media at the Austrian Ministry of Education.

During Code Week (Oct. 15-23), the European Commission, Samsung Electronics and other businesses joined together to celebrate coding. Together, they presented young people around Europe with coding-related events, to inspire and teach them these crucial digital skills for the future.

Here are some highlights from Samsung Electronics:

Poland

As one of the most ambitious coding nations, Poland is fifth in Europe for the number of Code Week events relative to its population size.

Kindergartens, schools, libraries, museums and offices all took part in Coding Masters across Poland. Significant cultural institutes also took part, including the Copernicus Science Centre and the Ministry of Digital Affairs, and even the Samsung Service Warsaw Spire.

Austria

In the two months leading up to European Code Week, children in Austria worked on developing over 2,000 apps.

The Samsung Mobile Classroom – which was housed in a large yellow bus –  travelled through the country for nine weeks, conducting 217 hours of coding workshops for children. Attendees to the Mobile Classroom learned how to produce games and other apps directly on their own mobile phones, as well as how to control robots, connecting abstract commands with concrete results.

“It was fascinating learning how I could really create my own computer game!” commented one student.

“It’s cool to use your phone for more than just talking and playing games, learning how to code a new game on it,” said another.

Germany

Coding projects worth 75,000 euros truly demonstrated the value of teaching children to code and innovate.

In recognition of this achievement, 100 children, teenagers, parents and instructors were invited to the Samsung Code Week Award ceremony and workshop, where the location was turned into a creative space.

Through eight workshops, children and young people were taught to design and program computer games and microcontrollers, and to code their own little robots. Those robots later competed against each other in an arena.

United Kingdom

Pioneering new creative ways of teaching coding, the UK announced a partnership with the new Micro:bit Educational Foundation during Code Week.

The Foundation is a nonprofit, independent organization that builds on the huge success of the BBC micro:bit program, aiming to lower barriers to technology invention for young people, creators and developers globally. Focusing first on Europe, the organization will enable teachers, governments and educational organizations to fulfil their digital educational goals and help improve digital skills across the globe.

From Coding Masters to the Global Teacher Prize

One teacher, Jolanta Okuniewska, has completely changed her approach to teaching thanks to the Coding Masters program. A participant every year since the pilot edition of Coding Masters, Ms. Okuniewska is passionate about teaching her students to code. By incorporating coding, along with digital puzzles and games, Ms. Okuniewska is now setting new trends with her teaching methods.

“A tablet nowadays is as common as a pencil case,” said Okuniewska. “While maybe not seen as a necessity, tablet education definitely makes learning more interesting and effective by providing a huge range of tools in one place that is accessible at the touch of a finger.”

For her efforts, Ms. Okuniewska was nominated for the Global Teacher Prize. The Global Teacher Prize is a prestigious award acknowledging teachers who have made outstanding contributions to their profession. It’s amazing to have even been nominated, let alone being one of only 50 teachers selected from a pool of 8,000 instructors from 148 countries.

Continuing to Change the Face of Polish Education

New technology can be a wonderful educational tool for kids. They can use it to search for information, communicate with teachers and friends and play interactive games. With the great success of the Coding Masters program, Samsung continues to help change the face of Polish education with other new initiatives, including Samsung Labo (dedicated to students) and the Coding Master Junior (dedicated to preschoolers).

As Blanka Fijolek, a Coding Masters founder, explained: “In Poland, there are ongoing discussions on including coding in a national curriculum for the younger students. It is important to ensure trainings for the teachers and create conditions for them to share their experiences.”

“Le Campus Junior” by Samsung gives children the opportunity to learn computer programming and to create their own interactive stories and games. This free and interactive online platform is designed to teach children how to use Scratch*, the development platform created by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), to help them take their first active steps in the digital world.

A Fun Way to Learn Computer Programming

Through approximately 40 short and fun video tutorials (four hours of play overall), “Le Campus Junior” invites children to discover the main concepts of computer programming by following the adventures of Professor Misso along with Sam and Zoé, two cute, smart and mischievous children.

Once the registration process is approved by their parents, children can follow the learning path and pick up where they left off when signing back in.

“Le Campus Junior” offers self-paced learning modules of Scratch*: ranked by difficulty, the tutorials in the “I learn” section explain the main programming steps while those in “I practice” offer fun workshops to reinforce what has been learned. Children also have the opportunity to evaluate their knowledge by taking quizzes by level — beginner, intermediate and advanced — and earning the respective badges.

“Le Campus Junior’s” training path and educational content were developed by Tech Kids Academy, a specialist in designing creative digital workshops for young people. The course aims to gradually introduce key programming concepts with Scratch* and then allow children to imagine their own games.

To discover the Campus Junior approach, the “First Steps in Scratch” tutorial is available directly on the website homepage: www.lecampusjunior.fr

Educational Tools to Support Trainers and Educators

“Le Campus Junior was originally designed for children, but educators quickly started using the site’s content to teach basic programming concepts. Therefore, we decided to develop dedicated educational tools to help them achieve this,” explains Florence Catel, director of corporate citizenship at Samsung Electronics France.

Trainers have access to the same content as that offered to children, but they also have free access to a comprehensive toolbox designed around a dozen IT concepts: position, movement, loops, conditional structures, variables, random numbers, and more.

The “Toolbox” section includes:

Practical Guides

• Concepts: an overview table allows trainers to see the computing concepts presented in each of the video tutorials;
• Search tool: multi-criteria search quickly identifies the tutorials covering the concepts the trainer wants to introduce to the children;
• Educational resources: explanation sheets, “Step by Step” guides and all video tutorial scripts can be downloaded, for flexible use of “Le Campus Junior’s” content.

Group Creation and Tracking of Children’s Progress

By this September, a new section called “My Groups” will allow trainers to create groups of children to track their progress and assess their understanding of the various concepts, based on the quiz results.

Samsung Electronics: A company Committed to Education and Training in the Digital Field

“Le Campus Junior” demonstrates Samsung Electronics’ commitment to education and training in France. It follows the opening in September 2014 of the “Samsung Campus”, a socially engaged training center which aims to develop the digital industry skills of young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 through a tuition free program. With “Le Campus Junior”, younger children have the opportunity to discover the world of computer programming for free.

In France, computer programming is already offered as a extra-curricular activity in schools, highlighting the importance of digital technology in today’s society. Introducing children to coding helps them develop a number of fundamental skills, such as logic and mathematics. It also opens up a new world of creativity, where they can let their imaginations run wild, create their own games and share them with their family and friends.

*Scratch was developed by the MIT Media Lab’s Lifelong Kindergarten Group (see http://scratch.mit.edu). Use of this content is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 licence.

About TECH KIDS ACADEMY

TECH KIDS ACADEMY is a leading French digital academy for children from age 7, based in Paris and Saint Germain en Laye. For more information: http://www.techkidsacademy.com/

As a leading technology company, Samsung wants to help young people learn new digital skills and understand the internal mechanisms of their smartphone apps. The company is therefore touring Austria with the expert assistance of the Institute for Software Technology of the Graz University of Technology, giving children aged 8 to 14 a playful look at the world of programming and robotics. “We could no longer imagine our lives without software. It is the engine of our economy and now increasingly permeates our private lives as well. We therefore consider it essential to help children understand the digital technologies of the day in order to shape the future for themselves,” says Martina Friedl, Corporate Citizenship & Public Affairs Manager at Samsung Electronics Austria, on the motivation behind the campaign.

Coding Made Easy

In workshops about 3.5 hours long, the children use the Pocket Code App not only to learn the first steps of programming but also to create their own small apps. The method was developed by university professor Wolfgang Slany and his team at the Institute for Software Technology at the Graz University of Technology. “With Pocket Code, we want to inspire young people to create their own games and interactive stories directly on the smartphone or tablet. Thanks to intuitive, Lego-like programming, no prior knowledge is required,” says Slany. The students have a chance to put what they have learned to the test in the concluding Galaxy Game Jam competition.

Playful Programming for Students in Bregenz as Well

The mobile classroom will be visiting Bregenz starting on July 4th. A total of roughly 160 children are taking part in the workshops. To offer the children a change of scene from their usual classrooms, the workshops are held outdoors when the weather is nice, just a few minutes away from Lake Constance. A tent provides shelter and shade. The yellow school bus itself is not just the visual highlight of the exciting concept: Beanbags invite students to relax creatively, and tinkering materials allow them to build their own robots. Martin Bauer, head of the department II/8 – IT Didactics and Digital Media of the Federal Ministry for Education and Women, is enthusiastic about the initiative: “Programming is a cultural technology of our day. This gives children additional options for becoming producers of their own digital content and media. Programming strengthens digital competence as well as problem-solving skills and promotes logical thinking.”

Stops by the Mobile Classroom “Coding For Kids”:

Tyrol (Hall, Innsbruck), June 6-9

Salzburg (Salzburg city, Bad Hofgastein), June 13-16

Upper Austria (Vöcklabruck), June 20-23

Carinthia (Spittal), June 27-29

Vorarlberg (Bregenz), July 4-7

Styria (Graz), September 13-15

Burgenland (Oberwart), September 19-22

Lower Austria (Gänserndorf), September 26-29

Vienna, October 3-6

More information: http://www.digitalebildung.at

The SDC 2016 event, which ran April 27 and 28 in San Francisco, was one more example of Samsung’s dedication to inspiring young people to learn more about coding. The company organizes Solve for Tomorrow competitions and Mobile App Academies around the world and participates in a variety of coding initiatives, like the EU Code Week in Europe. As coding has become recognized as the new literacy, Samsung has developed programs designed to foster lifelong skills like critical thinking, creative problem-solving and collaboration.

Student from the United States, Argentina, and Korea met with Dongjin Koh, the President of Mobile Communications Business at Samsung Electronics.

Attending SDC 2016 from the United States was Emily Waite, a 12^th-grade student from Massachusetts and one of the winners of the 2015 US Mobile App Academy. Emily created Med Kid, an app to incentivize children with serious illnesses to take their medications. Each time a child takes their medicine, they get an in-app reward, turning a serious and sometimes difficult task into a fun game.

From Korea, Young Jun Lee came to explain his mobile app Don’t Forget Me, which helps families manage their household plants together, like remembering the watering schedule and recording the plants’ growth history. Lee was just 12 years old when he won the first Junior Software Cup in Korea in 2015 for his creative app. More than 1,000 teams entered the 2015 competition, which asked young people to create apps under the theme of “family.”

Young Jun Lee, the winner of Junior Software Cup from Korea, explains the app he developed to other young coders from the United States and Argentina.

From Argentina, three middle-school winners of the 2014 Solve for Tomorrow competition came to present their winning project, an app for improving evacuation during flood emergencies.  Not only did Samsung think their app was a winner, so did their local government, which added it to the local Civil Defense system to help protect people when the local Lujan River floods.

A student on the Solve for Tomorrow Argentina Team explains their winning app to developers.

All told, Samsung has run a variety of Coding Initiative projects in 14 countries, with more than 690,000 students participating. The goal is to make young people creators of technology, not just consumers, so they can actively participate in shaping their own futures.

Ahead of MWC, Samsung has launched the official BBC micro:bit app for Android that will connect the micro:bit to smartphones and tablets, allowing young people to code their micro:bit on the go whether they are in the playground, on the school bus or at home with the whole family.

The BBC micro:bit, which will be delivered free to all year 7 or equivalent students this year, is a small programmable hardware device that aims to transform a new generation from passive users of technology to creators and innovators in today’s digital world. Samsung is a key partner in making this free drop of 1 million devices possible in the BBC’s most ambitious education initiative in thirty years.

Samsung will be demonstrating the micro:bit app at MWC. Developed by Samsung’s R&D team as a volunteering project, the app with its unique set of features will allow young people to learn how to code to control their phones and tablets via the BBC micro:bit. For example they can build their own selfie remote controller, launching their phone camera by pressing a button on their micro:bit, or even build their very own security alarm using the micro:bit’s sensors. The possibilities for creative applications are endless as young people can develop useful and fun technology solutions for themselves and their peer group inside and outside of the classroom.

By connecting the BBC micro:bit to smartphones and tablets, which young people are already very comfortable with, the app will introduce them to “connected technology” and the Internet of Things. This is important as coding becomes an integral skill in today’s job market, where code is not only at the heart of technology but also at the heart of products, for example, household appliances in the connected home.

Teachers have already begun to receive their devices which come with teaching resources, off-timetable STEM activity days and hands-on projects that complement the science, maths, design & technology (D&T) and computing curriculums. Samsung has also developed free resources and projects for both teachers and parents to use the app with their children. Samsung BBC micro:bit projects include ‘micro:bit hide and seek’, ‘Get out of my room’, a fun project to build your own security camera, and the ‘hi-tech selfie’. These projects are hosted on http://www.samsung.com/uk/microbit.

The BBC micro:bit is part of the BBC’s wider Make it Digital initiative, and has been made possible by a partnership between the BBC and over 30 partners. The project aims to improve digital literacy in the UK in light of alarming statistics, such as 1.4 million digital professionals will be needed in the next 5 years, and to inspire a new generation of digital pioneers.

Aleyne Johnson, Head of Government Relations and Citizenship, Samsung Electronics UK & Ireland said: “We’re very proud to bring the micro:bit to life in partnership with the BBC and officially launch the app at this year’s MWC. The combination of the micro:bit with the app will be a powerful learning tool for young people, inspiring them not only to use technology but to develop fun applications for themselves and their friends. As digital skills such as coding are increasingly important for all industries, we hope that the micro:bit will give year 7s a head start by putting them in the driving seat as developers.”

Sinead Rocks, Head of BBC Learning said: “We want children to be able to programme the BBC micro:bit from any device they want, wherever they want, whenever a moment of inspiration hits them. Pupils and teachers have told us they’d love to be able to code on the go, and we can’t wait to see the ingenious ways they’ll get creative with the app. It also means they can start controlling their handheld devices directly through the micro:bit, which is a hugely important part of understanding how the technology works.”

The Samsung micro:bit app is free to download from Google Play here: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.samsung.microbit.

Free micro:bit resources for teachers, parents and young people can be found here: http://www.samsung.com/uk/microbit.

Rohit Ail (left) explaining the remote-selfie feature at BBC launching event in July 2015.

In November, the Samsung CSR Awards announced Rohit Ail, Principal Engineer of Samsung Electronics R&D Institute in the UK, as a winner for his leadership and development of micro:bit. Volunteering his talent, Ail has been vital in providing expertise for micro:bit in efforts to promote the future of coding.

In close collaboration with the BBC, which reaches 98 percent of the UK population, micro:bit is a pocket-size, code-able computer that has been developed and is being distributed to one million children in the UK, free of charge. The vision is to inspire digital creativity and develop a new generation of tech pioneers. Each element of micro:bit is completely programmable via easy-to-use software on a dedicated website (microbit.co.uk) that can be accessed via PC, tablet or mobile.

Created in direct response to the growing digital divide and emerging ICT skills gap in the UK, micro:bit would not have been possible without Ail’s enthusiasm, passion and technological expertise. Ail recruited a team of seven engineers to volunteer, who have contributed over 1,000 hours of time. His team developed functions to enable a user to control their smartphones and tablets via coding on micro:bit and vice versa. Coding on micro:bit can launch mobile device cameras remotely, or act as a remote control to play music on devices.

“It only took an email explaining the whole project and our role in it to spark the enthusiasm and commitment of these seven engineers. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Anton Obzhirov, Tommaso Maestri, Mythri Venugopal, Frederic Ma, Kupesan Kulendiran, Nigel Cardozo and Balbir Sanghera for their contributions and support in this project. We also had wonderful support from my colleagues, Kit Lam, Soohyun Park and Minje Sung at every stage of this project,” said Ail of the team behind micro:bit. The application was built and shaped by the seven team members from scratch, entirely on their own.

The functions of micro:bit will help children understand the concept of IoT and develop their own projects in the future. Ail and the volunteer team also helped in developing teaching resources for use at schools and at home with parents. The project has been championed by UK government ministers leading the digital economy agenda and endorsed by key educational organizations and celebrity ambassadors.

Bridging the Digital Divide in the UK

Why is micro:bit so important? The UK is estimated to require an additional 745,000 digitally skilled workers by 2017, and one million tech workers by 2020. However, a large percentage of the population isn’t online and many students don’t have access to internet. The digital divide and the skills gap is a serious social issue in the UK.

Ail said, “We have a responsibility to inspire the next generation of computer programmers. Wearables, the Internet of Things and ubiquitous computing demand faster, smaller and better connected computers. The BBC micro:bit is just that answer. What also makes it so important is that it will be rolled out to all schools in the UK, and this is a fantastic opportunity to shape the future.”

When asked why he believes it is important for young people to learn coding, Ail responded by saying, “Look around. What do you see? I see a world of electronics; a digital age. We are surrounded by gadgets, computers and electronic services. The skill to harness the true capability of this digital world that we live in is a must. Learning to code will give our young generation a key tool to live in the future world. From what I believe, computing and coding is inevitable for our future generations. Being prepared will only help them.”

Connecting the World through Mobile

“Samsung has always been an expert in connecting the world through the power of mobile. We have done exactly the same with micro:bit. With the coding application, we have empowered kids to program on-the-go. They need not be in the classroom anymore for coding. They can take the experience with them anywhere they go.

“Further, we have also given micro:bit its first companion in the real world. Our application is able to communicate with micro:bit and allow it to control a few functions of the phone remotely.

“When we asked kids how they will use their micro:bit, we got some very interesting answers. All of them were designed around their simple needs and activities, like, ‘feed my pet, attach it to my shoes and count whenever I kick a football, take a photograph when we jump,’ etc. We couldn’t help but conclude that this is THE IoT device for kids.”

Ail recalled his own experiences with coding while growing up. “As a kid, I was always interested in knowing the internals of any toys. I used to open up all my toys and try to refit them later. I used to play with LEDs and AA batteries, making all sort of small gadgets of my own.

“I had my first computer when I was in eighth grade. Actually, it was for my elder sister but I was far too fascinated by the digital world and soon I was doing programs and installs that she was learning. Ever since, I have been learning and coding.”

Better Tomorrow

Ail has always wanted to support his community, using his skills and experience to do so. “I have in the past, applied for voluntary work in our local councils but never got the chance to execute it fully, due to time limitations and family commitments. With the BBC micro:bit, I have found the opportunity to give back to society. The micro:bit is all about inspiring the young generation to code, something which I had never thought of giving back to society on my own, although this is my core expertise. I believe this project has actually given me an opportunity to give back using my strongest skill, in a beautiful way. I can never be thankful enough.

“I think each one of us has a responsibility to the society that we live in. In our busy lives, we often tend to shift that responsibility towards government or other institutes. I am not asking everyone to go for compulsory volunteer work, but please keep an eye for opportunity. When it knocks on your door, give it your best.”

The European Coding Initiative will play a central role in a number of Europe-wide projects to promote the education of coding and computational thinking, including EU Code Week.

To mark the partnership with the European Coding Initiative, Samsung hosted a demonstration class at EU Code Week’s All You Need Is Code event in Brussels on October 12. Children from the Coding Masters program in Poland were on hand to present a class and show the adults how it’s done!

Sangwoo Kim, President of Corporate Affairs for Samsung Electronics Europe said, “Our vision is a world where digital making is a basic skill for every young person in Europe, along with math and literacy. We live in an increasingly digital world, and teachers and schools need to be equipped to support the transition to a connected society. We want to give young people the opportunity to be creative and to experience the joy of digital making through coding, robotics, electronics and app development.  With confidence, the new generation can become creators of the digital world, not just consumers of it.”

Here is an overview of Samsung’s activities during EU Code Week:

• Germany: On October 10, the winning projects of the Code Week Award were broadcast to the main opening event for Code Week in Berlin. Samsung Electronics GmbH and Gesche Joost, EU Digital Champion, initiated the Code Week Award, a prize honoring the motto “Every Week is Code Week.” As part of the competition, 700 young people in eight different cities participated in workshops and hackathons.
• U.K.: Samsung will be opening its fifth Code Club Hub in the U.K., offering free after-school coding clubs for children at community centers in need of technology support. Samsung has been a partner of the Code Club since 2013, also supporting the recruitment and training of volunteers to help sustain these free provisions.
• Italy: Samsung Italy is hosting coding lessons at the Samsung Smart Area in Milan. On Tuesday, October 13, the results of research managed by Cattolica University of Milan on the impact of coding on students and teachers were revealed. For anyone planning to visit the Milan Expo 2015, Samsung will offer coding lessons at the Samsung TIM open space.
• Poland: Samsung Poland is supporting the Polish edition of Code Week as a main partner and is organizing nearly 500 events connected to the Coding Masters program across Poland. The official opening of Code Week Poland took place in the National Audiovisual Institute. Samsung also supported the organization of the Coders’ Picnic at the Copernicus Science Center.
• Norway: Samsung is a partner of Laer Kidsa Koding and its 50 code clubs will have events throughout Code Week, including a robot workshop at the University of Oslo, Code Club at Tekna in Oslo, Girls Coding Day and an Edtech day for teachers.
• Finland: MehackIT is publishing blog posts of interviews with students in Lahti schools in Finland. The blog posts share experiences from students taking MehackIT coding, robotics and electronics classes.
• France: On October 14, Samsung employees ran two workshops, which both hosted 25 children to introduce them to coding.  Samsung France launched Campus Junior, a free online coding course for children between 7-13 years old, in May 2015.

Stay tuned for more stories from Samsung about coding.

For general updates, follow @NeedCodeEU.